Zertifikat

Dateitypen

• Encodings (also used as extensions)
  • .DER = The DER extension is used for binary DER encoded certificates. These files may also bear the CER or the CRT extension.
  • .PEM = The PEM extension is used for different types of X.509v3 files which contain ASCII (Base64) armored data prefixed with a “—– BEGIN …” line.
• Extensions:
  • .CRT = The CRT extension is used for certificates. The certificates may be encoded as binary DER or as ASCII PEM. The CER and CRT extensions are nearly synonymous. Most common among *nix systems
  • .CER = alternate form of .crt (Microsoft Convention) You can use MS to convert .crt to .cer (.both DER encoded .cer, or base64[PEM] encoded .cer) The .cer file extension is also recognized by IE as a command to run a MS cryptoAPI command (specifically rundll32.exe cryptext.dll,CryptExtOpenCER) which displays a dialogue for importing and/or viewing certificate contents.
  • KEY = The KEY extension is used both for public and private PKCS#8 keys. The keys may be encoded as binary DER or as ASCII PEM.

Version 4

Verzeichnis erstellen

CA_DIR=/home/ca
mkdir -p $CA_DIR ; cd $CA_DIR
mkdir {certsdb,certreqs,crl,private,newcerts}
chmod 700 private
touch index.txt
cp /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf .
$EDITOR openssl.cnf
diff /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf openssl.cnf

< dir           = ./demoCA              # Where everything is kept
> dir           = /home/ca              # Where everything is kept
< default_days  = 365                   # how long to certify for
> default_days  = 730                   # how long to certify for
< countryName_default           = AU
> countryName_default           = DE
< stateOrProvinceName_default   = Some-State
> stateOrProvinceName_default   = Bavaria
> localityName_default  = Munich
< 0.organizationName_default    = Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
> 0.organizationName_default    = e-motional-experience.de
> commonName_default    = e-motional-experience.de
> emailAddress_default  = hamatoma@gmx.de

CA generieren

ROOT_CA=rootCA
VALID_DAYS=1000

# create a password protected key:
openssl genrsa -des3 -out $ROOT_CA.key 4096
# self sign the certificate:
openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key $ROOT_CA.key -days $VALID_DAYS -out $ROOT_CA.pem -config ./openssl.cnf

Zertifikat erstellen

CERT=vmd9593
# Schlüssel generieren, kein Passwort:
openssl genrsa -out $CERT.key 2048

# Zertifikatsanfrage generieren: CN (Common Name) evt. IP-Adresse
openssl req -new -key $CERT.key -out $CERT.csr -sha512 -config ./openssl.cnf

<pre>IP=79.143.188.145
AT='@'
FN=${CERT}.extensions
echo >$FN "[ ${CERT}_http ]"
echo >>$FN "nsFN_CERTType      = server"
echo >>$FN "keyUsage        = digitalSignature,nonRepudiation,keyEncipherment"
echo >>$FN "extendedKeyUsage        = serverAuth"
echo >>$FN "subjectKeyIdentifier    = hash"
echo >>$FN "authorityKeyIdentifier  = keyid,issuer"
echo >>$FN "subjectAltName          = $AT${CERT}_http_subject"
echo >>$FN "[ ${CERT}_http_subject ]"

echo >>$FN "IP.1 = $IP"
echo >>$FN "IP.2 = 127.0.0.1"

echo >>$FN "DNS.1 = f-r-e-i.de"
echo >>$FN "DNS.2 = www.f-r-e-i.de"
...
# Signieren:
openssl x509 -req -days $VALID_DAYS -in ${CERT}.csr -signkey ${ROOT_CA}.key \
   -out ${CERT}.crt -extfile $FN -extensions ${CERT}_http

Root-Zertifikat importieren

Mozilla Firefox / Thunderbird

Mozilla Firefox verwaltet Zertifikate selbst. Ein neues Zertifikat wird importiert unter „Einstellungen => Erweitert => Zertifikate => Zertifikate anzeigen => Zertifizierungsstellen => Importieren“. Wählt die Datei „ca-root.pem“ aus. „Wählt die Option „Dieser CA vertrauen, um Websites zu identifizieren“.

Chromium / Google Chrome

„Einstellungen“ => „Erweiterte Einstellungen anzeigen“ (unten) => „HTTPS/SSL“ => „Zertifikate verwalten“ => „Zertifizierungsstellen“ => „Importieren“ => „ca-root-pem“ auswählen => „Diesem Zertifikat zur Identifizierung von Websites vertrauen“

Debian

NAME=hm_root
sudo cp $ROOT_CA.pem /usr/share/ca-certificates/$NAME.crt
sudo dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates

Version 3

CA generieren

FN_CA=hm_ca
FN_CERT=vmd9593
# key generieren:
openssl genrsa -out $FN_CA.key 2048

# Generate a CSR (FN_CERTificate Signing Request)
openssl req -new -key $FN_CA.key -out $FN_CA.csr
# Remove Passphrase from Key
cp $FN_CA.key $FN_CA.key.org
openssl rsa -in $FN_CA.key.org -out $FN_CA.key

Zertifikat erstellen

IP=79.143.188.145
AT='@'
FN=${FN_CERT}_extensions
echo >$FN "[ ${FN_CERT}_http ]"
echo >>$FN "nsFN_CERTType      = server"
echo >>$FN "keyUsage        = digitalSignature,nonRepudiation,keyEncipherment"
echo >>$FN "extendedKeyUsage        = serverAuth"
echo >>$FN "subjectKeyIdentifier    = hash"
echo >>$FN "authorityKeyIdentifier  = keyid,issuer"
echo >>$FN "subjectAltName          = $AT${FN_CERT}_http_subject"
echo >>$FN "[ ${FN_CERT}_http_subject ]"

echo >>$FN "IP.1 = $IP"
echo >>$FN "IP.2 = 127.0.0.1"

echo >>$FN "DNS.1 = f-r-e-i.de"
echo >>$FN "DNS.2 = www.f-r-e-i.de"
...
openssl x509 -req -days 730 -in ${FN_CA}.csr -signkey ${FN_CA}.key \
   -out ${FN_CERT}.crt -extfile $FN -extensions ${FN_CERT}_http

Version 2

Erstellen CA

CA_DIR=/home/ca
mkdir -p $CA_DIR ; cd $CA_DIR
mkdir {certsdb,certreqs,crl,private,newcerts}
chmod 700 private
touch index.txt
cp /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf .
$EDITOR openssl.cnf
diff /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf openssl.cnf

< dir           = ./demoCA              # Where everything is kept
> dir           = /home/ca              # Where everything is kept
< default_days  = 365                   # how long to certify for
> default_days  = 730                   # how long to certify for
< countryName_default           = AU
> countryName_default           = DE
< stateOrProvinceName_default   = Some-State
> stateOrProvinceName_default   = Bavaria
> localityName_default  = Munich
< 0.organizationName_default    = Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
> 0.organizationName_default    = e-motional-experience.de
> commonName_default    = e-motional-experience.de
> emailAddress_default  = hamatoma@gmx.de

Erstellen CA

# no challenge password
openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem -config ./openssl.cnf
openssl ca -create_serial -out cacert.pem -days 365 -keyfile private/cakey.pem -selfsign \
   -extensions v3_ca_has_san -config ./openssl.cnf -infiles careq.pem

Version 1

Erstellen

openssl req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout nginx.key -out nginx.pem -days 3650

Mit Signierung

FN_CA=dockerCA
FN_CERT=hamatoma.de
cd /etc/ssl
test -d ca || mkdir ca
cd ca
openssl genrsa -out $FN_CA.key 2048

openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key $FN_CA.key -days 3650 -out $FN_CA.crt

openssl genrsa -out $FN_CERT.key 2048
# kein Passwort vergeben!
openssl req -new -key $FN_CERT.key -out $FN_CERT.csr

echo "subjectAltName = IP:212.144.248.3" > extfile.cnf
openssl x509 -req -in $FN_CERT.csr -CA $FN_CA.crt -CAkey $FN_CA.key -CAcreateserial -out $FN_CERT.crt -days 3650 -extfile extfile.cnf

cp $FN_CERT.crt ../certs
cp $FN_CERT.key ../private

Passwort entfernen

openssl rsa -in nginx.key -out nginx.key

• Es wird einmal das Passwort abgefragt